فصلنامه گیاه و زیست بوم
پیاپی 10 (تابستان 1386)

From 1372 to 1381, in the second phase of research and study on phenology of some ornamental trees and shrubs at display section in National Botanical Garden of Iran, 1-5 trees of 7 species of conifers have been considered. This research includes the following items: Study on different phases of plant phenology (budding of winter shoot leaf, maturing time of all leaves, flowering time, the maximum time of flowering, end of flowering time, ripening term of seed, permanency time of seed on plant, quantity of seed production, germination percentage of seed, average of annually growth in length and diameter, pH measurement, humus quantity, percentage of organic and inorganic mineral materials (clay, silt, sand), soil tissue and aero- logical graphs. The results showed that the cold air will delay the appearance and maturing time of leaves. So, the maturing time of Juniper's leaves are longer than deciduous plants and the ripening term of seeds will be long in cold air. Also rainfall influences on phenology changes as it will be sensible in conifers during summer and winter days. The results showed that the flowering time in Thuja orientalis, ripening term of seed and leaving term in Pinus densiflora were longer than other species and ripening term of seed in Picea abies was shorter than other species of conifers.

In order to study the effect of different zink levels sprinkle and different nirtrogensources top dressing on seed oil percentage and seed oil yield of winter Rapeseed Opera in Takestan in 1384-1385, An experiment carried out in factorial design on the basis ofrandomized complete blocks with 4 replications that Zink sprinkle amount by the form Zinksulfate in 3 levels 0, 3/1000 and 5/1000 and different nitrogen sources top dressing uses at early stem elongation and flowering stages in 4 levels (Urea - Urea, Amunium sulfate –Urea, Urea - Amunium sulfate and Amunium sulfate - Amunium sulfate) were considered.Effect of Zink sprinkle levels, nitrogen sources top dressing and interaction effectsbetween them on seed oil percentage and seed oil yield had significant effect at %1 level. At this situation application of Zink sulfate concentration 5/1000 with %47/27, Amunium sulfate - Amunium sulfate as top dressing with %46/89 and interaction effect of Amunium sulfate - Amunium sulfate and 5/1000 zink sulfate sprinkle with %47/99 showed maximum seed oil percentage. The results indicated that application of 5/1000 Zink sulfate sprinkle with 1699 Kg/hec, top dressing nitrogen forms Urea - Amunium sulfate with 1661Kg/hec and interaction effects of mentioned characters with 2037Kg/ hec gained to maximum seed oil yield.

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important regulator of induced plant resistance to pathogens. Itis known as a regulator for physiological processes such as plant defense with effect onenzyme activities. Seeds of Cicer arietinum L. cultivar Bivanij were soaked in sporessuspension with 106spores in 1ml and sterile water for 30 min and then cultivated in Petridishes. This study was conducted as factorial experiments with completly randomizeddesign with 3 replications for studying the effects of SA on resistance of chickpea toAcochyta rabiei and on alteration of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities. FactorA was 2 groups of seeds inoculated with spores and without infection and factor B was 3concentration of SA (0, 0.1 and 1.5 mM) which were applied three and six days aftergermination. Proteins were extracted from seedlings and enzyme activities were determined, 8days after germination. The results showed that SA significantly decreased infected seedlings (p <0.01). POD and CAT activities, in 1.5 mM SA, significantly decreased in roots and increased in shoots. POD and CAT activities were in roots of infected seedlings higher than that of the seedlings without infection. In infected shoots enzymes activities decreased. The patterns of POD isoforms resulting from roots were determined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A new isoperoxidase appeared in site of light molecules in infected roots. This band disappeared in 0.1mM SA that had the least activities. In roots treated with 1.5 mM SA two new bands appeared one of them is in light and another band is in heavy molecules site that there have a little activities.

This research was conducted using a factorial split plot design on the basis ofrandomized complete block with three replications in Pakdasht and Karaj, Iran.There were two factors, Irrigation intervals (45, 65 and 85 milimeter evaporationfrom pan) and irrigation water amounts of 60, 80 and 100 percentage of evaporationinto factorial as main factor and cultivar (Talayieh and PF7045.91) as subfactor.Theresults indicated that with irrigation, intervals decrease and water amount increase to80%, amount of chlorophyl a and b reached to maximum (0/008587 mg/g and0/006574 mg/g respectively). Interaction effect of irrigation interval and cultivar showedwith decrease of irrigation interval or water stress intensity, amount of chlorophyl aand b increased, the maximum amount of chlorophyl a in talayeh and PF7045.91 were0.008968 mg/g and 0.007256 mg/g and for chlorophyl b were 0.007245 mg/g and0.004669 mg/g.Irrigation water amount and cultivar showed interaction as increase ofwater amount to %80, resulted in increase of average amount of chlorophyl a inPF7045.91 and Talayeh (0.007754 mg/g and 0.006164 mg/g respectively) and chlorophyl b increased to 0.005949 mg/g and 0.003848 mg/g.

This investigation was carried out in the spring of 2005 in the Research Station ofRangelands in Hamand in Damavand region. This experiment was done in split-split plotbased on randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were 2cropping system (Conventional and Low input system) in the main plots, 3 planting time (25 March, 4 and 14 April) in the sub plots and 2 seed types (Improved and Native ofKhoozestan) in the sub-sub plots. Measured traits were plant height, number of capitols inplant, number of seed per capitol, capitol diameter, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, silymarine percentage and silymarine yield. Results showed that there was a significant difference between cropping systems. The highest height (125.8cm) and number of capitols per plant (10.4) were related to conventional system. While other traits including capitol diameter (7.028), number of seed per capitol (125), 1000 seed weight (25.006), seed yield (1888.072), silymarine percentage (7.711) and silymarine yield (150.443) were recorded in the low input system. Results showed that because of suitable condition for plant growth in low input system, highest seed yield and silymarine yield were obtained. Seed planting in the early season had the same effect on growth and yield. Highest values were recorded in the first time of planting (25 March). Also, improved seed caused higher seed yield and silymarine yield. Results showed that for getting highest seed and silymarine yield, using improved seed and low input system is necessary, in condition that, seeds be planted in the correct time.

The effects of salinity and seed origin on germination and seedling growth of fennel (Foeniculum vulgrae Mill.) were investigated under different conditions in Azad university branch of Shahr-e-Rey branch in 2006-2007. The conditions included Petri dish in germinator, pots in laboratory and environment. The treatments included 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 m/mol NaCl also two types of seed origin (introduced and native seeds). Each trial carried out in factorial design based in randomized complete block design with four replications. In the Petri dish condition, germination, vigor, root and shoot length, wet and dry weight of seedling investigated. The results showed that, the effects of salinity and seed origin on the characteristics were significant. The salinity effects on pots in laboratory and environment condition were palpable to the Petri dish in germinator. Also, the native seeds had more resistance to the salinity.

Drip irrigation is a good way to reduce wasting water and to use the water and soilnutrients in a better way. Being aware of the soil moisture distribution pattern underemitter is necessary to design and manage drip irrigation system. Shape (diameter anddepth of the wet soil) and the distribution pattern of the wetting front under emitter willbe affected by soil properties (structure, texture, and hydraulic conductivity), strength,and also duration of water application.In this research, by making a physical model, the effects of three textures of sandy clay,sandy clay loam, and loamy sandy, four applied discharges of 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 lit/h, andfive irrigation water volumes of 10, 20, 40, and 60 lit. on the distribution pattern of thewetting front under emitter have been investigated. The results of the research haveshown that the raise in the emitter discharge has increased the wet surface of the wetting front; however, the increase pattern has been differently based on the soil texture. This means that, while the wet surface of the sandy clay has shown greater increase and has been more superficial than two other kinds of soil texture, the wetting front in the loamy sandy has got deeper (deeper and more narrow). So the discharge raise has increased the wet surface of the wetting front; however, for the lower discharges, with the same volume of the irrigation water, the wetting fronts were deeper than those of the higher discharges. The distribution pattern of the wetting fronts in sandy clay, sandy clay loam, and loamy sandy were half-elliptical, sagittal, and fine drawn wetting front, respectively for all applied discharges.The results of the research have also shown that the discharge increase will reduce thechanges of the wet surface. For the discharges of 6 lit/h and more no considerableincrease in the wet surface has been seen. So it is recommended that do not to useemitters with the discharges of more than 6 lit/h.

Qualitative Land Suitability evaluation for Sunflower and Soybean was carried out on20.000 hec Lands of Damavand region. The stages to this research are: Soil Survey,Soil sampling, Laboratory analysis of soil samples, Collection of Climatic farming System for Selected Crops, Soil Suitability mapping in GIS system, and evaluation of qualitative Land Suitability for Land Utilization types in the study Area.The Soils of the region were classified according to Soil Taxonomy (USDA1999).The Soils mainly separated into two orders: Entisols and Inceptisols. Qualitative evaluation was carried out according to both simple limitation and parametric approaches by comparing climate, topography and soil characteristic to crop requirements. Qualitative evaluation of Lands data’s from detailed soil Survey studies and Climatological figures and Topography Characteristics were used as the physical parameters, and simple limitation with Compared requirements of using the standard and rating tables of sys and parametric methods proposed by FAO in 1976. Results of qualitative land evaluation indicated that the climatic characteristics causes limitation of %37.52 and %43.77 respecting for Sunflower- Soybean growth and production in the research area some soil characteristics and topography are limiting factors too. For All production, the main limiting factors include percentage of calsium.For sunflower: the limiting factors include Coarse fragment and Relief and PH. For soybean: the limiting factors include Coarse fragment and Relief.